Asura Scans

The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Manga Chapter 1 | Asura Scans

All chapters are in The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~

FacebookFacebook FacebookTwitter FacebookWhatsApp FacebookPinterest
Asura Scans
Arrow
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~
Arrow
Chapter 1
Read the latest manga The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1at Asura Scans. Manga The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ is always updated at Asura Scans. Dont forget to read the other manga updates. A list of manga collections Asura Scans is in the Manga List menu.
Prev
Prev
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 1 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 2 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 3 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 4 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 5 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 6 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 7 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 8 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 9 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 10 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 11 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 12 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 13 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 14 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 15 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 16 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 17 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 18 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 19 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 20 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 21 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 22 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 23 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 24 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 25 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 26 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 27 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 28 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 29 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 30 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 31 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 32 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 33 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 34 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 35 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 36 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 37 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 38 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 39 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 40 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 41 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 42 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 43 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 44 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 45 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 46 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 47 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 48 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 49 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 50 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 51 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 52 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 53 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 54 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 55 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 56 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 57 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 58 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 59 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 60 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 61 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 62 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 63 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 64 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 65 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 66 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 67 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 68 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 69 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 70 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 71 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 72 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 73 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 74 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 75 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 76 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 77 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 78 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 79 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 80 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 81 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 82 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 83 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 84 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 85 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 86 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 87 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 88 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 89 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 90 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 91 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 92 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 93 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 94 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 95 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 96 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 97 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 98 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 99 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 100 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 101 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 102 - Asura Comic
The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 page 103 - Asura Comic
Prev
Prev
tags: read manga The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1, comic The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1, read The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 online, The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1, The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1, The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 high quality, The Hidden Cubs of the Lastboss ~A Former Corporate Programmer Reincarnated in a Demon King’s Castle Is Free to Develop a “Magic Code” at Will.~ Chapter 1 manga scan, May 13th 2025

Related Series

Surviving as an Obsessed Servant
Asura Scans

Surviving as an Obsessed Servant

Chapter 57
Star Star Star Star Star
I Have No Intention Of Dating
Asura Scans

I Have No Intention Of Dating

Chapter 61
Star Star Star Star Star
Makeup With Mud
Asura Scans

Makeup With Mud

Chapter 50
Star Star Star Star Star
Marriage is with your brother
Asura Scans

Marriage is with your brother

Chapter 21
Star Star Star Star Star
Comments
Sort by